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-
- <manualpage metafile="ssl_howto.xml.meta">
- <parentdocument href="./">SSL/TLS</parentdocument>
-
- <title>SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: How-To</title>
-
- <summary>
- <blockquote>
- <p>The solution of this problem is trivial
- and is left as an exercise for the reader.</p>
-
- <p class="cite">-- <cite>Standard textbook cookie</cite></p>
- </blockquote>
-
- <p>How to solve particular security constraints for an SSL-aware
- webserver is not always obvious because of the coherences between SSL,
- HTTP and Apache's way of processing requests. This chapter gives
- instructions on how to solve such typical situations. Treat it as a first
- step to find out the final solution, but always try to understand the
- stuff before you use it. Nothing is worse than using a security solution
- without knowing its restrictions and coherences.</p>
- </summary>
-
- <section id="ciphersuites">
- <title>Cipher Suites and Enforced Strong Security</title>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="#realssl">SSLv2 only server</a></li>
- <li><a href="#onlystrong">strong encryption only server</a></li>
- <li><a href="#upgradeenc">server gated cryptography</a></li>
- <li><a href="#strongurl">stronger per-directory requirements</a></li>
- </ul>
-
- <section id="realssl">
- <title>How can I create a real SSLv2-only server?</title>
- <p>The following creates an SSL server which speaks only the SSLv2 protocol and
- its ciphers.</p>
-
- <example><title>httpd.conf</title>
- SSLProtocol -all +SSLv2<br />
- SSLCipherSuite SSLv2:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+EXP<br />
- </example>
- </section>
-
- <section id="onlystrong">
- <title>How can I create an SSL server which accepts strong encryption
- only?</title>
- <p>The following enables only the seven strongest ciphers:</p>
- <example><title>httpd.conf</title>
- SSLProtocol all<br />
- SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM<br />
- </example>
- </section>
-
- <section id="upgradeenc">
- <title>How can I create an SSL server which accepts strong encryption
- only, but allows export browsers to upgrade to stronger encryption?</title>
- <p>This facility is called Server Gated Cryptography (SGC) and details
- you can find in the <code>README.GlobalID</code> document in the
- mod_ssl distribution. In short: The server has a Global ID server
- certificate, signed by a special CA certificate from Verisign which
- enables strong encryption in export browsers. This works as following:
- The browser connects with an export cipher, the server sends its Global
- ID certificate, the browser verifies it and subsequently upgrades the
- cipher suite before any HTTP communication takes place. The question
- now is: How can we allow this upgrade, but enforce strong encryption.
- Or in other words: Browser either have to initially connect with
- strong encryption or have to upgrade to strong encryption, but are
- not allowed to keep the export ciphers. The following does the trick:</p>
- <example><title>httpd.conf</title>
- # allow all ciphers for the initial handshake,<br />
- # so export browsers can upgrade via SGC facility<br />
- SSLCipherSuite ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP:+eNULL<br />
- <br />
- <Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs><br />
- # but finally deny all browsers which haven't upgraded<br />
- SSLRequire %{SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE} >= 128<br />
- </Directory>
- </example>
- </section>
-
- <section id="strongurl">
- <title>How can I create an SSL server which accepts all types of ciphers
- in general, but requires a strong ciphers for access to a particular
- URL?</title>
- <p>Obviously you cannot just use a server-wide <directive
- module="mod_ssl">SSLCipherSuite</directive> which restricts the
- ciphers to the strong variants. But mod_ssl allows you to reconfigure
- the cipher suite in per-directory context and automatically forces
- a renegotiation of the SSL parameters to meet the new configuration.
- So, the solution is:</p>
- <example>
- # be liberal in general<br />
- SSLCipherSuite ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP:+eNULL<br />
- <br />
- <Location /strong/area><br />
- # but https://hostname/strong/area/ and below<br />
- # requires strong ciphers<br />
- SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM<br />
- </Location>
- </example>
- </section>
- </section>
- <!-- /ciphersuites -->
-
- <section id="accesscontrol">
- <title>Client Authentication and Access Control</title>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="#allclients">simple certificate-based client authentication</a></li>
- <li><a href="#arbitraryclients">selective certificate-based client authentication</a></li>
- <li><a href="#certauthenticate">particular certificate-based client authentication</a></li>
- <li><a href="#intranet">intranet vs. internet authentication</a></li>
- </ul>
-
- <section id="allclients">
- <title>How can I authenticate clients based on certificates when I know
- all my clients?</title>
- <p>When you know your user community (i.e. a closed user group
- situation), as it's the case for instance in an Intranet, you can
- use plain certificate authentication. All you have to do is to
- create client certificates signed by your own CA certificate
- <code>ca.crt</code> and then verify the clients against this
- certificate.</p>
- <example><title>httpd.conf</title>
- # require a client certificate which has to be directly<br />
- # signed by our CA certificate in ca.crt<br />
- SSLVerifyClient require<br />
- SSLVerifyDepth 1<br />
- SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/ca.crt
- </example>
- </section>
-
- <section id="arbitraryclients">
- <title>How can I authenticate my clients for a particular URL based on
- certificates but still allow arbitrary clients to access the remaining
- parts of the server?</title>
- <p>For this we again use the per-directory reconfiguration feature
- of <module>mod_ssl</module>:</p>
-
- <example><title>httpd.conf</title>
- SSLVerifyClient none<br />
- SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/ca.crt<br />
- <br />
- <Location /secure/area><br />
- SSLVerifyClient require<br />
- SSLVerifyDepth 1<br />
- </Location><br />
- </example>
- </section>
-
- <section id="certauthenticate">
- <title>How can I authenticate only particular clients for a some URLs based
- on certificates but still allow arbitrary clients to access the remaining
- parts of the server?</title>
- <p>The key is to check for various ingredients of the client certificate.
- Usually this means to check the whole or part of the Distinguished
- Name (DN) of the Subject. For this two methods exists: The <module
- >mod_auth</module> based variant and the <directive
- module="mod_ssl">SSLRequire</directive> variant. The first method is
- good when the clients are of totally different type, i.e. when their
- DNs have no common fields (usually the organisation, etc.). In this
- case you've to establish a password database containing <em>all</em>
- clients. The second method is better when your clients are all part of
- a common hierarchy which is encoded into the DN. Then you can match
- them more easily.</p>
-
- <p>The first method:</p>
- <example><title>httpd.conf</title><pre>
- SSLVerifyClient none
- <Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/secure/area>
-
- SSLVerifyClient require
- SSLVerifyDepth 5
- SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/ca.crt
- SSLCACertificatePath conf/ssl.crt
- SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth
- SSLRequireSSL
- AuthName "Snake Oil Authentication"
- AuthType Basic
- AuthUserFile /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.passwd
- require valid-user
- </Directory></pre>
- </example>
-
- <example><title>httpd.passwd</title><pre>
- /C=DE/L=Munich/O=Snake Oil, Ltd./OU=Staff/CN=Foo:xxj31ZMTZzkVA
- /C=US/L=S.F./O=Snake Oil, Ltd./OU=CA/CN=Bar:xxj31ZMTZzkVA
- /C=US/L=L.A./O=Snake Oil, Ltd./OU=Dev/CN=Quux:xxj31ZMTZzkVA</pre>
- </example>
-
- <p>The second method:</p>
-
- <example><title>httpd.conf</title><pre>
- SSLVerifyClient none
- <Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/secure/area>
-
- SSLVerifyClient require
- SSLVerifyDepth 5
- SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/ca.crt
- SSLCACertificatePath conf/ssl.crt
- SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth
- SSLRequireSSL
- SSLRequire %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_O} eq "Snake Oil, Ltd." \
- and %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_OU} in {"Staff", "CA", "Dev"}
- </Directory></pre>
- </example>
- </section>
-
- <section id="intranet">
- <title>How can I require HTTPS with strong ciphers and either basic
- authentication or client certificates for access to a subarea on the
- Intranet website for clients coming from the Internet but still allow
- plain HTTP access for clients on the Intranet?</title>
- <p>Let us assume the Intranet can be distinguished through the IP
- network 192.160.1.0/24 and the subarea on the Intranet website has
- the URL <code>/subarea</code>. Then configure the following outside
- your HTTPS virtual host (so it applies to both HTTPS and HTTP):</p>
-
- <example><title>httpd.conf</title><pre>
- SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/company-ca.crt
-
- <Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs>
- # Outside the subarea only Intranet access is granted
- Order deny,allow
- Deny from all
- Allow from 192.168.1.0/24
- </Directory>
-
- <Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/subarea>
- # Inside the subarea any Intranet access is allowed
- # but from the Internet only HTTPS + Strong-Cipher + Password
- # or the alternative HTTPS + Strong-Cipher + Client-Certificate
-
- # If HTTPS is used, make sure a strong cipher is used.
- # Additionally allow client certs as alternative to basic auth.
- SSLVerifyClient optional
- SSLVerifyDepth 1
- SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +StrictRequire
- SSLRequire %{SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE} >= 128
-
- # Force clients from the Internet to use HTTPS
- RewriteEngine on
- RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} !^192\.168\.1\.[0-9]+$
- RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
- RewriteRule .* - [F]
-
- # Allow Network Access and/or Basic Auth
- Satisfy any
-
- # Network Access Control
- Order deny,allow
- Deny from all
- Allow 192.168.1.0/24
-
- # HTTP Basic Authentication
- AuthType basic
- AuthName "Protected Intranet Area"
- AuthUserFile conf/protected.passwd
- Require valid-user
- </Directory></pre>
- </example>
- </section>
- </section>
- <!-- /access control -->
-
- </manualpage>
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